Edward Thorndike (1874–1949) was a pioneering psychologist whose work laid the foundation for modern behavioral psychology. His most influential contribution, the Law of Effect, states that behaviors followed by satisfying …
Explanation: This quote reflects the core principle of exposure-based therapies, which emphasize that avoidance maintains anxiety, while gradual, repeated exposure reduces fear through habituation and inhibitory learning. Facing feared situations …
Explanation: Emotional intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to perceive, understand, regulate, and use emotions effectively in oneself and others. It includes skills such as self-awareness, emotional regulation, empathy, and …
Explanation: Gratitude interventions, such as journaling or expressing appreciation, are core techniques in positive psychology. Regular gratitude practice increases well-being, reduces depressive symptoms, and improves life satisfaction. Example: A client …
Explanation:Using fMRI, Tseng & Poppenk (2020) identified distinct neural patterns signaling thought transitions, estimating thousands of thought shifts daily. Awareness techniques like mindfulness improve meta‑cognition, helping reduce rumination and anxiety. …
Explanation:The facial feedback hypothesis proposes that facial expression influences emotional experience. Smiling activates neural pathways associated with positive affect, reducing stress responses—even when the smile is deliberate rather than spontaneous …
Explanation:Even brief physical activity increases dopamine, serotonin, and endorphins, which improve affect and reduce stress. Light outdoor exercise also enhances attention restoration and emotion regulation (Ekkekakis & Backhouse, 2009). Example:A …
Explanation:Multitasking forces rapid switching between tasks, increasing cognitive load. Rubinstein et al. (2001) found that each switch incurs “switch costs,” reducing accuracy and speed. Chronic multitasking is linked to decreased …
Explanation:Research using neuroimaging shows that social rejection activates the anterior cingulate cortex—the same region involved in physical pain processing. This suggests the brain treats threats to social belonging similarly to …
Explanation:Ainsworth’s (1978) Strange Situation is a structured observational procedure categorizing infant–caregiver attachment as secure, avoidant, or ambivalent. The child’s behavior during separations and reunions with the caregiver indicates attachment quality.Her …