Ruminating Definition: Repetitive thinking refers to the tendency to engage in recurring patterns of thought, often without conscious awareness. While some repetitive thoughts are neutral or helpful, many are negative …
Definition: Psychoanalysis, developed by Sigmund Freud, is a foundational therapeutic approach that emphasizes the role of unconscious processes, early childhood experiences, and internal conflicts in shaping behavior and mental health. …
Definition: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a critical role in the brain’s reward system, motivation, and reinforcement of behaviors. It is released in response to rewarding stimuli, reinforcing the …
Definition: The placebo effect refers to the phenomenon in which a person experiences real improvements in symptoms or well-being after receiving a treatment with no active therapeutic ingredient. This effect …
Definition: Catastrophizing is a cognitive distortion in which an individual expects or assumes the worst-case scenario will happen, often magnifying the severity of potential problems while underestimating their ability to …
Definition: The biopsychosocial model, introduced by George L. Engel in 1977, is a comprehensive framework that examines mental health as an interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors. It rejects …
Definition: Self-efficacy refers to an individual’s belief in their capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance outcomes (Bandura, 1977). It influences how people think, feel, and behave, serving …