Focus: Cognitive restructuring and internal change Explanation:William James, known as the father of American psychology, emphasized the connection between inner belief systems and outward behavior. His ideas laid the groundwork for …
Focus: Feminist psychoanalysis and personal growth Explanation:Karen Horney was one of the first psychoanalysts to challenge Freud’s patriarchal theories and emphasize the role of cultural and interpersonal relationships in personality development. …
Focus: Behaviorism and the power of reinforcement Explanation:B.F. Skinner, a leading figure in behaviorism, emphasized that behavior is shaped by its consequences—namely reinforcement and punishment. According to operant conditioning, behaviors followed …
Definition: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a structured, evidence-based psychotherapeutic approach that focuses on identifying and changing unhelpful thought patterns and behaviors to improve emotional regulation and coping strategies. Developed …
Definition: A growth mindset, as defined by Carol Dweck, is the belief that abilities and intelligence can be developed through dedication, hard work, and learning from feedback, as opposed to …
Definition: Victor Frankl, an Austrian psychiatrist and Holocaust survivor, developed logotherapy, a form of existential analysis emphasizing the search for meaning as the central human drive (Frankl, 1984). According to …
Definition: Unconditional positive regard (UPR) is a central concept in Carl Rogers’ humanistic approach to therapy. It refers to the therapist’s acceptance and support of a client, regardless of what …
Definition: Attachment theory, developed by John Bowlby and expanded by Mary Ainsworth, explains how early emotional bonds with caregivers shape an individual’s social, emotional, and relational development throughout life. These …
Definition: Karen Horney was a pioneering psychoanalyst who challenged traditional Freudian theories, particularly the concept of “penis envy,” and emphasized the sociocultural and environmental factors influencing psychological development. Horney argued …
Definition: Operant conditioning, developed by B.F. Skinner, is a learning process in which behaviors are influenced by their consequences. Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior recurring, while punishment decreases …